A Master’s thesis at the College of Veterinary Medicine, Al-Qadisiyah University, entitled “Design and Evaluation of a DNA-Based Vaccine Administered Orally and Intranasally Using Saccharomyces cerevisiae Yeast as a Delivery Vector for Full-Length Spike Protein to Combat Infectious Bronchitis Virus,” was presented by researcher Kamal Waleed Khalid and supervised by Assistant Professor Hassan Ali Hammadi.

The study recommended conducting IBV challenge trials to verify the vaccine’s effectiveness in providing protection. This included histopathological examinations of lung and kidney tissues to assess respiratory and renal effects. The study also recommended improving the nasal yeast vaccine to reduce tissue irritation while enhancing the immune response, and employing molecular analysis of the microbiome or colony counting to accurately evaluate the gut flora instead of qualitative culture.