A master’s thesis was discussed at the College of Agriculture at Al-Qadisiyah University, The thesis was presented by researcher Muntadhar Hussein Khalaf and supervised by Professor Dr. Hayawi Waheed Attia Al-Jawdhari.

The thesis aims to investigate the effect of soil fertilization with balanced NPK fertilizer and organic bio-fertilizer EM.BOKASHI on some growth parameters, yield, and quality of the cabbage crop, and soil sustainability. It also aims to determine the effect of spraying nano-silicon particles and nano-selenium particles on the growth, yield, and quality of the cabbage crop.

The most important conclusions are that fertilization combining organic bio-fertilizer EM.BOKASHI, balanced mineral fertilizer (NPK), and spraying with nano-silicon particles. (SiNps) The results demonstrated that using balanced NPK alone is not sufficient to achieve optimal growth and productivity, while integrated fertilization enhances plant metabolic efficiency and improves soil fertility.

The most important recommendations include the possibility of recommending the use of a four-combination treatment containing EM.BOKASHI fertilization. A four-combination of organic, bio-mineral fertilizers, and nano-silicon and selenium particles can be adopted to increase the number of beneficial bacteria and fungi in the soil.